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Naturalistic observation at a bowling alley (N= 1,793 balls) shows that bowlers often smiled when socially engaged, looking at and talking to others, but not necessarily after scoring a spare or a strike. In a 2nd study, bowlers (N= 166 balls) rarely smiled while facing the pins but often smiled when facing their friends. At a hockey game, fans (N= 3,726 faces) smiled both when they were socially involved and after events favorable to their team. Pedestrians (N= 663) were much more likely to smile when talking but only slightly more likely to smile in response to nice weather than to unpleasant weather. These 4 studies suggest a strong and robust association of smiling with a social motivation and an erratic association with emotional experience.(29 ref)(PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)